Guidelines: Important Decisions in Analysis & Design

The following decisions should be made regarding the Analysis & Design discipline's workflow:

Document the decisions in the Development Case, under the headings Disciplines, Analysis & Design, Workflow.

Make a decision about what artifacts to use and how to use each of them. The table below describes mandatory artifacts and those artifacts used only in certain cases. For more detailed information on how to tailor each artifact, and a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of that specific artifact, read the section titled "Tailoring" for each artifact.

For each artifact, decide how the artifact should be used: Must, Should, Could or Won't. For more details, see the Guidelines: Classifying Artifacts.

Artifact	Purpose	Tailoring (Optional, Recommended)
Analysis model (Analysis class)	An analysis model is useful to better understand the requirements before making design decisions. On complex systems it may be maintained to provide a conceptual overview of the system.	Optional On many projects, an initial Design Model is used in place of the Analysis Model. On projects which do create an Analysis Model, it is typically a temporary artifact which evolves into a design model.
Design model	Most systems, even smaller systems, should be designed before being implemented in order to avoid costly rework due to design errors. Visual models allow the design to be easily communicated. Tools for forward engineering and reverse engineering can ensure consistency with the implementation model and save effort.	Recommended for most projects. On smaller projects, the use of automated tools is not critical, but may have long term productivity benefits.
Design class; Design package	Classes and packages are a basic part of any object-oriented design. Object-oriented design is the standard design approach used on most projects.	Recommended for most projects. The main tailoring issues are deciding which stereotypes to use (this may be captured in the Design Guidelines).
Use-case realization	Provide the bridge from use cases to design.	Recommended for most projects.
Interface	Interfaces are typically used to define behavior independently from large-grained components that realize the behaviour.	Recommended for most projects. Component-based design is becoming a standard design approach.
Design subsystem	Design Subsystems are used to encapsulate behavior inside a "package" that provides interfaces. It is used to encapsulate the interactions of classes and/or other subsystems.	Recommended for most projects. Subsystems are often useful to raise the level of design abstraction. They make systems easier
Event	May be useful for systems that respond to many external events.	Recommended for real-time systems.
Protocol	Required for real-time systems.	Recommended for real-time systems.
Signal	May be useful for systems that require concurrency and are event-driven. Required for real-time systems.	Recommended for real-time systems.. May be useful for systems that require concurrency and are event-driven.
Capsule	For real-time systems, but can be useful in modeling and designing any system that has a high degree of concurrency.	Recommended for real-time systems.
Data model	Used to describe the logical and possibly physical structure of the persistent information.	Recommended for projects that use a database.
Deployment Model	Shows the configuration of processing nodes at run-time, the communication links between them, and the component instances and objects that reside on them.	Optional. Many systems have multiple processing nodes and therefore need to address the Deployment Model. It may, however, be captured as a section of the Software Architecture Document and does not need to exist as a separately identified artifact.
Architectural Proof-of-Concept	Used to determine whether there exists a solution that satisfies the architecturally-significant requirements.	Recommended for most projects. Many projects will use an Architectural Proof-of-Concept to determine the feasibility of requirements. It may take many forms, for example: a list of known technologies which seem appropriate to the solution a sketch of a conceptual model of a solution a simulation of a solution an executable prototype.
Reference Architecture	Reference Architectures speed up development and reduce risks by re-using proven solutions.	Recommended for most projects. If suitable Reference Architecture material exists, it can dramatically speed up development and reduce risk.
Software Architecture Document (SAD)	The Software Architecture Document is used to provide a comprehensive architectural overview of the system. This overview is helpful to understand the system, and to capture key architectural decisions.	Recommended for most projects. A high level overview of the software architecture is useful on all but the smallest systems. Complex systems typically require a greater level of detail and more views than smaller projects.

Tailor each artifact by performing the steps described under the heading "Tailor Artifacts per Discipline" in the Activity: Develop Development Case.

Decide Which Reports to Use

Make a decision about what reports to use. As a starting point, consider using the following reports:

Decide How to Review

Decide on the review level for each artifact and capture it in the development case. See Guidelines: Review Levels for details.

Decide how to review and approve the results of Analysis & Design, and to what extent the results will be reviewed.

The factors that can be altered are review techniques, resources, and scope. The following are some examples of what you can decide to do on your project:

For more information about reviewing and different kinds of reviews, see Work Guideline: Reviews.

Decide Whether to Generate Code

The way you do design differs depending on whether you generate code from the design model or not. If you generate code, the design needs to be very detailed. On the other hand, if you do not generate code from the design, there is no need to be very detailed in the design. On the contrary, the details in the design have to be synchronized manually with the code.